An oil slick from naturally taking place oil seeps off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. The Marine Oil Spill Thickness (MOST) project is utilizing these natural seeps to check technology that can detect the thickest oil in a slick throughout an oil spill emergency. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration researchers are collaborating to test remote noticing innovation for usage in oil spill action.
Just off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, countless gallons of oil seep through cracks in the seafloor and rise to the surface area each day. This isnt a catastrophe zone: Its one of the biggest naturally happening oil seeps in the world and is thought to have been active for thousands of years.
The reliability of these seeps makes the location an essential natural laboratory for researchers, including those with the Marine Oil Spill Thickness (MOST) job, a collaboration between NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to create operational automated oil spill detection, oil level geospatial mapping analytics, and oil thickness characterization applications.
The MOST group is working to develop a way for NOAA– the lead federal agency for discovering and tracking coastal oil spills– to utilize remote picking up information to determine not simply where oil is, but where the thickest parts are, among the important missing pieces to direct reaction and removal activities. The team just recently concluded a fall field campaign in Santa Barbara.
The Marine Oil Spill Thickness (MOST) task collects measurements of oil thickness in a naturally occurring oil seep off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. The measurements will be utilized to confirm remote noticing information measurements and ultimately, in a system to assist in oil spill action. Credit: NOAA/Frank Monaldo
” Were utilizing a radar instrument called UAVSAR to define the density of the oil within an oil slick,” said Cathleen Jones, MOST co-investigator at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “This thicker oil stays in the environment longer and damages marine life more than thin oil. And if you know where it is, you can direct responders to those troublesome locations.”
NASAs UAVSAR, or Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar, connects to the fuselage of a plane that collects an approximately 12-mile-wide (19-kilometer-wide) image of an area.
When oil is present, it moistens the waves, developing locations of smoother water. These smooth, oily locations appear darker than the surrounding tidy water in the SAR images– the thicker the oil, the darker the location will appear.
With the MOST project, NASA and NOAA are checking radar technology to determine oil thickness in marine oil spills. The thickest oil in an oil slick is the most environmentally harmful.
The airborne observations should then be verified, suggesting the scientists have to go to the exact same area on a boat to determine the thickness of the oil by hand.
” We put the sampler, which resembles a tube thats open on both ends, in the water and let it sit there for a minute,” stated Ben Holt, likewise a JPL co-investigator for MOST. “And then when you block television, a little layer of oil and water is gathered. After the oil layer settles, you can determine the oil layer density and compare that with the UAVSAR observations to see how carefully they compare.”
As another key layer of validation, the ship deploys a drone bring an optical sensor, which is capable of observing the slick and determining its thickness over a wider area than can be observed from the ship.
How MOST Was Born
UAVSAR seemed a not likely candidate to track or define oil. It was established to determine changes to Earths surface area– for example, after an earthquake or volcanic eruption. However throughout the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Elijah Ramsey, a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, reached out to Jones about attempting to utilize the instrument to identify the oil coming ashore in Louisiana.
” The indications were that it would not work since the instrument utilizes too long of a wavelength for that purpose,” Jones said. “But we stated, Lets attempt it anyhow.”.
She and Holt were glad they did.
” It was simply unbelievable what you might see with UAVSAR since it is so much more delicate than satellite-based instruments,” Jones said. UAVSAR is more sensitive to low returns from oil covered areas than normal satellite SAR instruments. We were able to recognize the oil and to compute the oil concentrations present.”.
Their findings were a proof of idea and were released in 2012. In subsequent years, the feasibility of scaling this development for further threat analysis and evaluation has actually been taken a look at.
In 2018, Frank Monaldo, a scientist at the University of Maryland who had actually dealt with NOAA for several years, partnered with Jones, Holt, and a group from NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the economic sector, in addition to scientists in Canada and Norway, to formulate one of the most proposal. In 2019, NASAs Disasters program picked this principle for implementation to lower catastrophe danger and strengthen strength, and the four-year MOST job was launched.
Unanticipated, Real-World Deployment.
As the MOST team was preparing to head out for their fall field project, arranged to start the very first Monday in October, authorities were reacting to reports of an oil spill off the coast of Huntington Beach, California– simply 130 miles (209 kilometers) south of the Santa Barbara field project place.
Several members of the MOST group rapidly became involved with providing information on the spill. What was expected to have been a practice project in controlled circumstances rapidly became a real-world test of UAVSARs utility during a real oil spill emergency situation.
” It was truly various from doing a practice run because people were overwhelmed running the action,” Jones said. “But when NOAA got the UAVSAR information, they utilized it to define oil, and after that they launched a Marine Pollution Surveillance Report based on it. It was the very first time that had ever been done utilizing data from an airborne instrument,” she stated.
While UAVSAR showed valuable in this scenario, the implementation could not change the field project for scientific functions, because they were unable to take measurements by boat. “We really had no in-situ measurements for comparison,” said Holt. “The genuine value was the efforts by Cathleen and other members of the UAVSAR group to get the UAVSAR data processed and submitted and after that used by NOAA.”.
The fall field campaign took place numerous weeks later in Santa Barbara.
Whats Next?
UAVSARs abilities in oil spill thickness detection are beneficial, flying an airplane over every oil slick isnt practical. So when the information from the spring and fall field campaigns is confirmed, itll be utilized to train algorithms to calculate oil density from SAR data immediately.
UAVSAR is a prototype for an upcoming satellite objective called NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, or NISAR, which is a collaboration between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). If all goes according to plan, the algorithms and methods developed during the MOST job can be used to information from the new mission.
” The idea here is that in two years or so when the MOST task is over, well have a model system for identifying oil density that NOAA can distribute and utilize throughout oil spill action,” stated Jones. “With NASA partnering with NOAA, we can transfer this info to those who can use it practically.”.
The Marine Oil Spill Thickness (MOST) task is using these natural seeps to test innovation that can find the thickest oil in a slick throughout an oil spill emergency situation. The Marine Oil Spill Thickness (MOST) task collects measurements of oil thickness in a naturally happening oil seep off the coast of Santa Barbara, California.” Were utilizing a radar instrument called UAVSAR to identify the thickness of the oil within an oil slick,” said Cathleen Jones, MOST co-investigator at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. With the MOST task, NASA and NOAA are evaluating radar innovation to measure oil density in marine oil spills. During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Elijah Ramsey, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey, reached out to Jones about trying to use the instrument to determine the oil coming ashore in Louisiana.