This artist’s concept depicts the NEOWISE spacecraft in orbit around Earth. Launched in 2009 to survey the entire sky in infrared, the spacecraft took on a more specialized role in 2014 when it was reactivated to study near-Earth asteroids and comets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NEOWISE, NASA’s mission dedicated to tracking near-Earth objects, has been decommissioned after over ten years of service. The infrared space telescope relayed its final data to Earth before the project team at JPL sent a command that turned off its transmitter.
The mission, which transitioned from WISE after a successful all-sky infrared survey, contributed significantly to our understanding of space hazards. NEOWISE helped lay the groundwork for the upcoming NEO Surveyor, set to launch by 2027, enhancing global planetary defense capabilities.
Mission Conclusion: NEOWISE Transmitter Shutdown
Engineers on NASA’s NEOWISE (Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) mission commanded the spacecraft to turn its transmitter off for the last time Thursday. This concludes more than 10 years of its planetary defense mission to search for asteroids and comets, including those that could pose a threat to Earth.
The final command was sent from the Earth Orbiting Missions Operation Center at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California, with mission members past and present in attendance alongside officials from the agency’s headquarters in Washington. NASA’s Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System then relayed the signal to NEOWISE, decommissioning the spacecraft. As NASA previously shared, the spacecraft’s science survey ended on July 31, and all remaining science data was downlinked from the spacecraft.
Watch as members of the NEOWISE and WISE missions, past and present, celebrate the decommissioning of the spacecraft at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California on August 8. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Celebrating NEOWISE’s Achievements
“The NEOWISE mission has been an extraordinary success story as it helped us better understand our place in the universe by tracking asteroids and comets that could be hazardous for us on Earth,” said Nicola Fox, associate administrator, Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters. “While we are sad to see this brave mission come to an end, we are excited for the future scientific discoveries it has opened by setting the foundation for the next-generation planetary defense telescope.”
NASA ended the mission because NEOWISE will soon drop too low in its orbit around Earth to provide usable science data. An uptick in solar activity is heating the upper atmosphere, causing it to expand and create drag on the spacecraft, which does not have a propulsion system to keep it in orbit. Now decommissioned, NEOWISE is expected to safely burn up in our planet’s atmosphere in late 2024.
NEOWISE’s Operational Legacy
During its operational lifetime, the infrared survey telescope exceeded scientific objectives for not one but two missions, starting with the WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) mission. Managed by JPL, WISE launched in December 2009 with a seven-month mission to scan the entire infrared sky. By July 2010, WISE had accomplished this with far greater sensitivity than previous surveys. A few months later, the telescope ran out of the coolant that kept heat produced by the spacecraft from interfering with its infrared observations. (Invisible to the human eye, infrared wavelengths are associated with heat.)
The NEOWISE mission, NASA’s asteroid-hunting space telescope, is retiring after over a decade of discovering, tracking, and characterizing near-Earth objects (NEOs) — asteroids and comets that come close to Earth’s orbit. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA extended the mission under the name NEOWISE until February 2011 to complete a survey of the main belt asteroids, at which point the spacecraft was put into hibernation. Analysis of this data showed that although the lack of coolant meant the space telescope could no longer observe the faintest infrared objects in the universe, it could still make precise observations of asteroids and comets that generate a strong infrared signal from being heated by the Sun as they travel past our planet.
NASA brought the telescope out of hibernation in 2013 under the Near-Earth Object Observations Program, a precursor for the agency’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office, to continue the NEOWISE survey of asteroids and comets in the pursuit of planetary defense.
Future Prospects: NEO Surveyor and Beyond
“The NEOWISE mission has been instrumental in our quest to map the skies and understand the near-Earth environment. Its huge number of discoveries have expanded our knowledge of asteroids and comets, while also boosting our nation’s planetary defense,” said Laurie Leshin, director, NASA JPL. “As we bid farewell to NEOWISE, we also celebrate the team behind it for their impressive achievements.”
Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) in the predawn skies on July 9, 2020, over Deer Valley, Utah. Credit: NASA
By repeatedly observing the sky from low Earth orbit, NEOWISE created all-sky maps featuring 1.45 million infrared measurements of more than 44,000 solar system objects. Of the 3,000-plus near-Earth objects it detected, 215 were first spotted by NEOWISE. The mission also discovered 25 new comets, including the famed comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE that streaked across the night sky in the summer of 2020.
In addition to leaving behind a trove of science data, the spacecraft has helped inform the development of NASA’s first infrared space telescope purpose-built for detecting near-Earth objects: NEO Surveyor.
Illustration of NEO Surveyor, which is a mission designed to discover and characterize most of the potentially hazardous asteroids that are near the Earth. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“The NEOWISE mission has provided a unique, long-duration data set of the infrared sky that will be used by scientists for decades to come,” said Amy Mainzer, principal investigator for both NEOWISE and NEO Surveyor at the University of California, Los Angeles. “But its additional legacy is that it has helped lay the groundwork for NASA’s next planetary defense infrared space telescope.”
Also managed by JPL, NEO Surveyor will seek out some of the hardest-to-find near-Earth objects, such as dark asteroids and comets that don’t reflect much visible light, as well as objects that approach Earth from the direction of the Sun. The next-generation infrared space telescope will greatly enhance the capabilities of the international planetary defense community, which includes NASA-funded ground surveys. Construction of NEO Surveyor is already well under way, with a launch date set for no earlier than 2027.
More Mission Information
NEOWISE and NEO Surveyor are pivotal NASA missions aligned with the agency’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office, aiming to protect Earth from potential cosmic threats. NEOWISE, managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and involving contributions from entities like the Space Dynamics Laboratory and BAE Systems, spent over a decade scanning the skies to track and characterize near-Earth objects (NEOs). This mission, along with its forthcoming successor, NEO Surveyor, plays a crucial role in achieving NASA’s goal, set by the 2005 NASA Authorization Act, to identify and describe at least 90% of NEOs larger than 460 feet that could come dangerously close to Earth.
Building on the legacy of NEOWISE, the NEO Surveyor mission is gearing up to further enhance our capabilities to detect and monitor these space objects. With advanced technology and a robust team, NEO Surveyor will focus on tracking hard-to-detect NEOs, including those that approach from the sun’s direction, providing critical data to safeguard our planet from potential impacts. The development and management of these missions reflect a concerted effort by various research and engineering teams across the nation, emphasizing the collaborative nature and high stakes of planetary defense.