New research on the sphinx tile, an asymmetric hexiamond, revealed its ability to create complex, scalable patterns that illuminate the underlying principles of chirality in biology, explaining the preference for specific molecular and physiological orientations.
Exploring geometry and chirality in life by probing the sphinx tile.
Why is the heart slightly to the left side of the body for most people? Why is DNA almost always a right-handed helix? The same goes for alpha helices, the building blocks of proteins. Chirality, or handedness, is pervasive in biology, yet the reasons behind it often remain mysterious.
Greg Huber, a biophysicist and researcher at the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, spent three years exploring these questions and more using a simple asymmetric shape that lives on the triangular lattice, and that has received little academic attention – the sphinx tile. He and his collaborators – Craig Knecht, Walter Trump, and Robert Ziff – found unexpected properties related to its chirality. Their study was published recently in the journal Physical Review Research.
The sphinx tile is both asymmetric and “rep-tilian,” meaning its shape can be composed with repeated, smaller copies of itself. Credit: Huber, et. al, Physical Review Research, 2024
Unique Properties of Sphinx Tiles
Composed of six equilateral triangles (a hexiamond), the sphinx has an intrinsic handedness, coming in either left- or right-handed orientations. It is the only known asymmetric hexiamond that can tile every order of itself, meaning all sphinxes scaled by a factor n can be tiled by n•n smaller unit sphinxes. In other words, an order-2 sphinx can be made from 4 sphinx tiles, an order-3 sphinx can be made from 9, and so on. The numbers of tile arrangements or layouts possible, beginning from the single unit sphinx, start out small: 1, 1, 4, 16, …, but not for long.
As the number of sphinxes in a tiling goes up, the number of possible layouts increases superexponentially. For example, an order-5 sphinx has 153 possible tilings (shown below), order-6 has nearly 72,000 tilings, and order-13 a whopping 1030, or 10 to the order 30! (That’s a 1 with 30 zeros.)
An order-23 sphinx with low chiral energy (left, with left-handed sphinxes in blue, right-handed sphinxes in red) and high chiral energy (right). Credit: Huber, et. al, Physical Review Research, 2024
The asymmetry of the tile provided rich avenues to explore chirality. Take the simple matter of placing two tiles side by side. There are 46 (or 47, depending on how you count) different ways for two sphinx tiles to form a dyad. (In contrast, there is only one way for two unit squares to form a dyad.)
And they can be tiled in such a way that they have low chiral energy, meaning most neighboring sphinxes are in the same orientation or high chiral energy.
An order-5 sphinx, which is composed of 25 smaller sphinx tiles, has 153 possible tiling arrangements. Credit: Huber, et. al, Physical Review Research, 2024
Huber, leader of the Theory Group at the San Francisco Biohub, emphasizes that this endeavor was more than an abstract exercise. He notes that geometry and chirality both have important but often overlooked connections to biology. Virus capsids, for example, have a geometric symmetry (the “quasi-equivalence principle”) based on the same lattice.
“The universe shouldn’t favor one handedness over another, but at scale after scale, chiral preferences emerge,” Huber says. “Chirality can be very mysterious, and the sphinx tiles’ surprising chiral interactions were the motivation for this work.”
Reference: “Entropy and chirality in sphinx tilings” by Greg Huber, Craig Knecht, Walter Trump and Robert M. Ziff, 4 March 2024, Physical Review Research.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.013227