A recent study reveals that asbestos cement product use commonly surpasses U.S. safety limits, exposing workers to serious health risks and highlighting the need for stricter regulations and a global ban on asbestos.
Airborne fibers released from asbestos cement exceed the permissible level by 50 times.
A recent research study has revealed that the installation and removal of asbestos cement products typically results in exposure levels to asbestos that far surpass the occupational limits set in the United States. This study particularly concentrated on the levels of airborne asbestos that arise from ongoing, permitted uses of asbestos in many countries.
The study found that when asbestos cement pipes are cut, the average exposure to asbestos is over 50 times higher than the short-term limit established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the U.S. Similarly when cutting asbestos boards and corrugated roofing materials, the average asbestos exposure levels are around 24 times higher than the permissible limit.
Asbestos cement products including pipe, siding, and roofing account for more than 90% of global asbestos use.
Corrugated asbestos cement siding. Credit: Occupational Knowledge International
“We found that exposures from asbestos cement products could be alarmingly high and certainly disproves the asbestos industry’s contention that these materials can be used in a ‘safe and responsible’ manner,” said Perry Gottesfeld, Executive Director of Occupational Knowledge International (OK International) and the author of the study.
“The study demonstrates that there is an immediate need to ban all asbestos cement products that are sold in many countries as these are still being installed in millions of homes and commercial buildings,” Gottesfeld added.
Hazardous Asbestos in Global Trade
The study, recently published in the Annals of Work Exposures and Health, documents that all uses of asbestos cement pipe and the great majority of installation tasks for asbestos cement roofing and sheets exceed the current OSHA short-term exposure limit. The results also indicate that the use of water to reduce airborne fibers is insufficient to protect workers during most tasks involving power tools.
Although more than 60 countries have banned the use of asbestos, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is only now considering a total ban on asbestos cement and other existing uses. Currently, the EPA only requires companies to notify the agency before manufacturing or importing asbestos cement products.
Russia and Kazakhstan account for 80% of global asbestos production and they export this material to more than 25 low and middle-income countries. India, China, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Thailand are the largest importers and account for approximately 90% of global asbestos sales.
In 2021 more than 1.2 million metric tons of asbestos was mined primarily for asbestos cement applications. Russia is by far the largest beneficiary of this hazardous trade, earning $185 million in 2021.
Thousands of workers are exposed to airborne fibers during the manufacture of asbestos cement products in hundreds of small factories in India, Vietnam, and other countries. Tens of thousands of construction workers are exposed to airborne asbestos in excess of the short-term OSHA excursion limit while installing asbestos cement roofing, siding, cooling towers, and pipes.
Health Risks and Aging Infrastructure
Even intermittent short-term exposures to asbestos are associated with significant health risks. Asbestos has been shown to cause lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma.
The U.S. has approximately 600,000 miles of aging asbestos water pipes with a typical lifespan of 50 years. Water utilities are often replacing asbestos water main sections as pipes burst or as part of ongoing systems improvements.
In many countries, older asbestos-cement pipes and roofing are reaching the end of their service life and will need to be removed while creating hazardous conditions for workers while cutting and breaking up this material. Few countries have occupational limits or other safety regulations governing procedures for asbestos abatement.
Reference: “Exposure hazards from continuing use and removal of asbestos cement products” by Perry Gottesfeld, 9 November 2023, Annals of Work Exposures and Health.
DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad066